Abstract Purpose . This paper aims to identify if there is an impact of the rating announcements issued by the agencies on the returns of the stocks of Brazilian companies listed on Brasil Bolsa Balcão, from August 2002 to August 2018, identifying which types of announcement (upgrade, downgrade or the same initial classification) cause variations in prices around the date of disclosure of the rating. Design/methodology/approach. The event study methodology was applied to verify the market reaction around the announcement dates in a 21-day event window (−10, +10). The market model was used to calculate the abnormal returns (ARs), and subsequently, the accumulated ARs. Findings . The hypotheses tests allowed to verify that the accumulated ARs are different, before and after the three types of rating announcements (upgrades, downgrades and the same classification); in upgrades, the mean of accumulated ARs increases in the days before the event, while in downgrades, this increase occurs after the event. This paper concluded that the rating announcements have an impact on the return of stock of the Brazilian market and that the market reaction occurs most of the time before the event happens, which indicates that the market can anticipate the information contained in the changes in credit ratings. Practical implications. The results have considerable implications for portfolio managers, institutional investors and traders. It facilitates investment decision-making in the face of rating classification announcements. Market participants can pay more attention to their investment strategies and asset allocation during periods of risk rating announcements. Additionally, traders can understand the form of investment strategy for superior earnings. Originality/value. The importance of the study is related to the fact that the results may explain the causes of specific movements in the Brazilian financial market related to a source of information that may or may not be able to influence the decisions of the financial agents that operate in this market. The justification is centred on the idea that, for investors who somehow react to the announcements, it is relevant to understand the impact of rating classifications on companies, as access to such information allows for more conscious decision-making.

RESUMO O mercado de ADRs apresentou uma importância crescente nas últimas décadas, especialmente para companhias sediadas em países emergentes, como os da América Latina. Neste contexto, neste estudo buscou-se detectar e mensurar o fenômeno da interdependência, englobando os transbordamentos de retornos e de volatilidade e suas assimetrias entre os ADRs níveis 2 e 3 dos principais mercados de capitais da América Latina (Brasil, Argentina, Chile e México) e dos países desenvolvidos (Estados Unidos, Japão, Reino Unido e França), no âmbito da última crise financeira internacional. Esse fenômeno foi investigado considerando tanto os retornos diários de seus índices acionários de mercado, como dos índices de ADRs criados neste estudo, no período de junho de 2008 a maio de 2015, por meio de modelos multivariados assimétricos VAR-MGARCH, com representação Diagonal VECH. A principal conclusão foi que os índices de ADRs apresentaram maior interdependência com os países desenvolvidos, comparados aos mercados acionários latino-americanos analisados.

ABSTRACT The ADRs market presented great growing importance in the last decades, specially for companies based on developing countries, such as those of Latin America. In this context, this research sought to detect and measure the interdependence phenomenon, comprising the returns and volatility spillovers and their asymmetries between the levels 2 and 3 ADRs of the main capital markets of Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Mexico) and the developed ones (the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom and France), regarding the last financial crisis scope. This phenomenon was investigated considering both the daily returns of their market stock indices, such as those of the ADRs indices created in this study, from June 2008 to May, 2015, via VAR-MGARCH multivaried skewness models, with diagonal VECH representation. The main conclusion was that the ADR indices presented greater interdependence with the developed countries, compared to the analyzed Latin American equity markets.

This article approaches several different methodologies for calculation of the RAROC (Risk Adjusted Return on Capital) for Brazilian banks. Two questions gave reason to the study: whether the application of different methods for calculation of the RAROC would generate significantly different results?, and checking what is the connection between the RAROC and the generation of economic value, measured by the EVA (Economic Value Added), for the largest banks with operations in Brazil? The following methodologies for verification of the RAROC were applied: Buch's Method (2011); Prokopczuk's Method (2006); Prokopczuk's Method (2006) with application of the VaR technique; Saunders's Method (2007); Chapelle's Method (2008); and the Smithon & Hayt Method (2001), by applying these parametric and non-parametric statistics in order to check the sensibility of the differences between models. This study has evidenced that, when we compare the methodology based on minimum capital with other methodologies, there are no significant differences, except in the few cases indicated. It is important to notice it only occurred in the case of the Bank of Brazil and it was concentrated in the comparison of the Creditmetrics models and in the methodology in which there is equivalence by the reference equity.

El presente artículo se ocupa de diferentes metodologías para el cálculo de RAROC (Rentabilidad Ajustada al Riesgo) para los bancos brasileños. Dos preguntas motivaron el estudio: ¿la aplicación de diferentes métodos para el cálculo del RAROC produciría resultados significativamente diferentes?, y ¿cómo se da la relación entre la RAROC y la generación de valor económico, medido por EVA (Valor Económico Agregado) de los mayores bancos que operan en Brasil? Se aplicaron los siguientes métodos de cálculo RAROC: Modelo Buch (2011); Modelo Prokopczuk (2006); Modelo Prokopczuk (2006), utilizando el VaR; Modelo Saunders (2007); Modelo Chapelle (2008); y modelo Smithon y Hayt (2001), la aplicación de sensibilidad paramétrica y no paramétrica para verificar las diferencias entre los modelos de pruebas estadísticas. Este estudio demostró que en la comparación de la metodología basada en el capital mínimo con otras metodologías, no hay diferencias significativas, excepto en los pocos casos mencionados. Es importante darse cuenta de que esto era sólo para el Banco de Brasil y se centró en la comparación de modelos Creditmetrics y metodología en donde existe la equivalencia entre el patrimonio neto de referencia.

O presente estudo propõe uma análise comparativa de dez modelos de volatilidade para o cálculo do Value-at-Risk (VaR) para carteira teórica do Ibovespa, considerando a presença de memória longa na série temporal dos seus retornos diários. Para isso, foram utilizados dados do período de 4 de janeiro de 2000 a 28 de dezembro de 2007. Os resultados mostraram que os modelos que captam o efeito de memória longa na volatilidade condicional dos retornos do Ibovespa, em especial o medido pelo modelo FIGARCH (1,d,1), são os que apresentam melhor desempenho para o cálculo do Value-at-Risk, comparado com alguns modelos tradicionais, como é o caso do Riskmetrics.

This study proposes a comparative analysis of the use of ten volatility models to calculate the Value-at-Risk (VaR) for Ibovespa considering the presence of long memory in time series for daily returns. Data from January 02, 2000 to January 02, 2008 were used. The results showed that the long memory models, in especial the FICARCH (1,d1) model, are better to calculate the Value-at-Risk if compared to traditional models, such as the RiskMetrics model.

Este texto tem como objetivo analisar o setor brasileiro de venture capital e private equity (VC/PE), buscando apresentar, com base na literatura e em fontes secundárias de dados, as suas principais características e tendências, assim como a sua potencialidade como alternativa de financiamento para as empresas em geral e, sobretudo, para as empresas de base tecnológica. O trabalho apresenta, também com base na literatura, as mudanças na legislação e as principais iniciativas governamentais para o desenvolvimento do setor de VC/PE, no Brasil.

This study analyzes the Brazilian venture capital and private equity industry (VC/PE), its main characteristics and tendencies, as well as its potentiality as a financing alternative for companies in general and mainly for high technology industries. This work also shows the changes in the legislation and the main government initiatives for the development of the VC/PE industry in Brazil.